Tulisan 7

Verb Phrases & Tenses

A verb phrase consists of a main verb alone, or a main verb plus any modal and/or auxiliary verbs. The main verb always comes last in the verb phrase:

Sebuah frasa verba terdiri dari kata kerja utama saja, atau kata kerja utama ditambah modal dan / atau kata kerja bantu. Kata kerja utama selalu datang terakhir dalam kalimat verba

(mo = modal verb; aux = auxiliary verb; mv = main verb)

We all [MV]laughed.

Computers [MO]can [MV]be very annoying!

An apartment [MO]would [AUX]have [MV] cost less than a hotel for four of us.

Tony [MO]might [AUX]have [AUX]been [MV] waiting outside for you.

·         Verb phrase berdasarkan traditional grammar adalah kelompok kata berupa main verb (kata kerja utama( dan auxiliary verb (kata kerja bantu), sedangkan berdasarkan generative grammar adalah predicate — main verb beserta seluruh elemen yang melengkapinya: auxiliary verb, complement (objek kalimat), dan/atau modifier, namun tidak termasuk subjek kalimat.

Verb Phrase

Traditional Grammar      main verb

Generative Grammar    +/- auxiliary verb + main verb +/- complement +/- modifier

Keterangan:

Complement (objek kalimat)  dibutuhkan jika kata kerja utama berupa transitive verb.

Modifier dapat berupa adjective, adverb, atau konstruksi lain yang berfungsi seperti salah satu dari part of speech tersebut.

Contoh-contoh verb phrase berikut berdasarkan traditional grammar. Keterangan: Verb phrase = bold.

Contoh Kalimat Verb Phrase                                                                     Keterangan

I enjoy swimming.

(Saya menikmati berenang.)                                                                       enjoy = main verb

You should see a doctor during pregnancy.

(Kamu seharusnya mengunjungi dokter selama hamil.)                 should = modal auxiliary verb;

                                                                                                                                see = main verb

It has just been raining in Bogor.

(Baru saja turun hujan di Bogor.)                                                              has, been = auxiliary verb;

                                                                                                                                just = adverb (modifier);

                                                                                                                raining = main verb berupa present participle

Complex verb phrases

A complex verb phrase may include one modal verb and one or more auxiliary verbs before the main verb. A modal verb always comes before any auxiliary verbs:

Sebuah frase verba kompleks mungkin termasuk salah satu modal kerja dan satu atau lebih kata kerja bantu sebelum kata kerja utama. Kata kerja modal selalu datang sebelum kata kerja bantu:

(mo = modal verb; aux = auxiliary verb; mv = main verb)

House prices [MO]could [MV]fall during the next six months. (modal verb + main verb)

You [MO]may [AUX]have [MV]played this game before. (modal verb + one auxiliary verb)

The work [MO]should [AUX]have [AUX]been [MV]finished by 30 January. (modal verb + two auxiliary verbs)

TENSES:

ü  Simple Present Tense

            Simple Present Tense digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu hal yang terus-menerus        dilakukan, kegiatan sehari-hari, dan juga untuk menyatakan atau menyebutkan suatu           fakta atau kebenaran umum. Dalam Simple Present Tense, kata kerja (verb) yang            digunakan adalah kata kerja (verb) bentuk awal.

Rumus dan Contoh Kalimat Simple Present Tense

(+) Subject + Verb 1 + Object

(-)  Subject + DON’T / DOESN’T + Verb 1 + Object

(?) DO / DOES + Subject + Verb 1 + Object?

(?) Question Word + DO/ DOES + Subject + Verb 1?

ü  Present Continuous Tense

            Tense ini digunakan untuk menyebut perubahan bentuk kata kerja berdasarkan waktu     terjadinya. Dalam pengertian Present Continuous Tense merupakan tense bentuk yang          menunjuk pada tindakan yang sedang berlangsung sekarang atau ketika pembicaraan       Itu sedang berlangsung

Berikut rumus present continuous tense untuk membuat kalimat-kalimat

Positif (+):

subject + to be (am, is, are) + Verb – ing + object

Contoh : I am watching TV now

Negatif (+):

subject + to be + not + verb – ing + object

Contoh : Hermawan is not going to Jakarta atau

Hermawan isn’t going to Jakarta

Tanya(?) :

to be + subject + verb – ing + object

Is Mrs. Salsa cooking in the kitchen ?

ü  Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense menekankan pada PERFECT nya itu. Perfect kan artinya “sempurna”. sempurna yang berarti “selesai, sudah, beres, baru saja usai, dsb”. Jadi, kalau Anda menekankan pada “SUDAH” nya itu maka gunakanlah Present Perfect Tense ini. Contoh yang paling mengena misalnya: Dia baru saja pergi (She has just gone). :

Positif: S + have/has + V3

Negatif: S + have/sas Not + V3

Tanya:   Have/has + S + V3

ü  Present Perfect Continuous

Present perfect continuous tense digunakan untuk menyatakan tindakan atau peristiwa yang sudah mulai terjadi pada waktu lampau dan masih sedang berlangsung sampai sekarang.

Pola kalimat:

(+) S + have/has + been + V-ing

(-) S + have/has + not + been + V-ing

(?) Have/has + S + been + V-ing

ü  Simple Past Tense

            Simple past tense adalah suatu bentuk kata kerja sederhana untuk menunjukkan bahwa suatu peristiwa/ kejadian yang dilakukan pada masa lampau dan diketahui pula waktu       terjadinya peristiwa atau kejadian tersebut.

Rumus simple past tense

Rumus simple past tense ada 2, yaitu rumus simple past tense (verbal) dan (nominal);

Verbal

(+) S + Verb-2 + O + adverb

(- ) S + did + not + Verb-1 + O + adverb

(?) Did + S + Verb-1 + O + adverb ?

Nominal

(+) S + tobe-2 (was/ were) + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb )

(- ) S + tobe-2 (was/ were) + not + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb )

(?) Tobe-2 (was/ were) + S + Complement (adjective/ noun (pronoun)/ adverb ) ?

Verb Tense Overview with Examples

Simple Present	Simple Past	Simple Future
I study English every day.	Two years ago, I studied English in England.	If youarehaving problems, I will help you study English. I am going to study English next year.
Present Continuous	Past Continuous	Future Continuous
I am studying English now.	I was studying English when you called yesterday.	I will be studying English when you arrive tonight. I am going to be studying English when you arrive tonight.
Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
I have studied English in several different countries.	I had studied a little English before I moved to the U.S.	I will have studied every tense by the time I finish this course. I am going to have studied every tense by the time I finish this course.
Present Perfect Continuous	Past Perfect Continuous	Future Perfect Continuous
I have been studying English for five years.	I had been studying English for five years before I moved to the U.S.	I will have been studying English for over two hours by the time you arrive. I am going to have been studying English for over two hours by the time you arrive.

(Source:http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.html

Referensi:

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/grammar/british-grammar/verb-phrases

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/en/english-grammar/verbs/verb-phrases

http://www.englishpage.com/verbpage/verbtenseintro.html

https://fauziauzhe.wordpress.com/2015/05/11/verb-phrase-tenses/